Question 1:
Which of the following is true about the cell membrane. Select all that apply. Hint: If you select only 1 answer, you will get this question wrong.

~Allows cells to take in nutrients
~Allows cells to expel wastes
~Allows cells to communicate with other cells via chemical messengers
~Allows cell to regulate the materials that pass in and out

Question 2:
Which of the following is true about the sodium-potassium pump.

A. It uses the energy of ATP to move sodium ions (Na+) into the cell and potassium ions (K+) out of the cell
B. It uses the energy of ADP to move sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell
C. It uses passive transport to move sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell
D. It uses the energy of ATP to move sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell

Question 3:
Using the practice image found in the lesson, match the following structures to the term used to describe each structure.

Cell structure matching

Question 2 options:

Hydrophobic tail

Glycolipid

Protein

Phospholipid

Hydrophilic head

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. E

Question 4:
Match the term to the processes shown in the image below:

Passive Transport

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion

Active Transport
__
1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

Membrane structure allow it to accomplish many different functions. 1: A, B, C, D / 2: D / 3: A Phospholipid , B Glycolipid , C Hydrophobic tail, D Hydrophilic head, E Protein / 4: A Passive Transport, B Active transport, C Diffusion, D facilitated diffusion.

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Question 1:

All the options are correct.

Allows cells to take in nutrients

The cell can take nutrients using different types of transports (We will dig deeper later on these).

Allows cells to expel wastes

Though exocytosis events, the cell can expel wastes and toxic substances

Allows cells to communicate with other cells via chemical messengers

Cells can send signal molecules to other cells to comunicate. They can do so through exocytosis events.

Allows cell to regulate the materials that pass in and out

The cellular membrane allows the free passage of only a few substances while it blocks the pass of others.

Cell membranes are semipermeable, meaning that some molecules or ions can freely pass the lipidic bilayer. Some others need proteins to transport them. According to the material characteristics, and the existance of electrochemical gradient, the membrane regulates the substances passage.

The endocytosis and exocytosis process refers to molecules transport mediated by vesicles. It occurs from and into the cell and needs energy to happen because it is active transport.

Exocytosis is a transport process that involves vesicles or vacuoles. In this process excretion compounds of varying nature accumulate within the vesicle and migrate toward the plasmatic membrane. Waste products and toxic products are excreted. Neurotransmitters are also sent to the extracellular space in vesicles.

Once the vesicle reaches the cellular surface, its membrane fuses with the cellular membrane, and its content is expelled from the cell to the extracellular space. The vesicle membrane remains in the plasmatic membrane until it is recycled during endocytosis events.

Question 2:

Which of the following is true about the sodium-potassium pump.

D. It uses the energy of ATP to move sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell

3Na+ /2K+ pump is an integral protein that transports K and Na against the electrochemical gradient.

A significant amount of energy is used to make the pump function. It brings K into the cell and takes Na out of it.

It keeps the membrane potential and the electrochemical gradient constant. The pump function is associated with the leak channels and the antiporters function.

Question 3:

1. A ⇒ Phospholipid

2. B ⇒ Glycolipid

3. C ⇒ Hydrophobic tail

4. D ⇒ Hydrophilic head

5. E ⇒ Protein

Two phospholipidic layers compose the cell membrane. There are also proteins and glucans incrusted in between.

Since phospholipids are amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic heads -negatively charged phosphate group- and hydrophobic tails, they need to form two opposite layers.

Lipids are arranged with their hydrophilic polar heads facing the exterior and the interior of the cells in contact with water. Meanwhile, their hydrophobic tails are against each other, constituting the internal part of the membrane.

Question 4:

1. A ⇒ Passive Transport

Refers to the transport through the membrane that does not need energy to occur.

2. B ⇒ Active Transport

Active transport is against the concentration and electric gradient, which means that it does need energy to happen. Carrier proteins are in charge of active transport, moving molecules from the lower concentration side to the higher concentration side of the membrane.

3. C ⇒ Diffusion

Diffusion is the pathway of only small molecules that freely move through the membrane by momentary openings produced by the lipid´s movements. Diffusion is a slow process that requires short distances and pronounced concentration gradients to be efficient.

4. D ⇒ Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is passive transport. It is possible thanks to the action of channel proteins and some carrier proteins. They transport molecules that are too big to move freely through the membrane. This transport depends on the electrochemical gradient and does not need energy to carry in or out substances. Uncharged molecules´ movement depends on concentration gradients, while ions´ movement depends on an electrochemical gradient.

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