Answer:
Cause-and-effect relationship - Cost of goods sold
This follows the cause and effect relationship because if the goods were not to be sold they would not have incurred a cost. Because the goods were sold, the business incurred costs.
Specific time period - Monthly salary payments to an office employee
The salary is monthly which means that it is for the specific time period of a month.
Without regard to related revenue in the period incurred - Advertising expenditures.
Advertising expenses are made without regard to the related revenue in the period because there is no sure and specific way to measure the impact of advertising on revenue.