Question

Write equations that show the processes that describe the first, second, and third ionization energies for a gaseous gadolinium atom. Express your answers as chemical equations separated by commas. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

Answer 1

Answer:

Gd(g) → $Gd^{+}(g) + e^{-}$ , $Gd^{+}(g)$→ $Gd^{2+}(g) + e^{-}$, $Gd^{2+}(g)$ → $Gd^{3+}(g) + e^{-}$

Explanation:

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.

The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove the valence electron(outermost) from a neutral atom:

Gd(g)→ $Gd^{+}(g) + e^{-}$

The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove next/second electron from $x^{+}$ ion. The second ionization energy is always higher than the first:

$Gd^{+}$(g) → $Gd^{2+}(g) + e^{-}$

The third ionization energy is the energy required to remove third electron from $x^{2+}$ ion:

$Gd^{2+}$(g) → $Gd^{3+}(g) + e^{-}$  

Answer 2

By definition, the first, second, and third ionization energy are, respectively:

1. Gd(g)→  Gd⁺(g) + 1 e⁻
2. Gd⁺(g)→  Gd⁺²(g) + 1 e⁻
3. Gd⁺²(g)→  Gd⁺³(g) + 1 e⁻

Electrons are held in atoms by their attraction to the nucleus, which means that energy is needed to remove an electron from the atom.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the necessary energy that must be supplied to a neutral, gaseous, ground-state atom to remove an electron from an atom. When an electron is removed from a neutral atom, a cation with a charge equal to +1 is formed.

So, in this case, the first ionization energy is the energy required to remove the valence electron(outermost) from a neutral atom is expressed as:

Gd(g)→  Gd⁺(g) + 1 e⁻

The second ionization energy represents the energy required to start a second electron. Its value is always greater than the first ionization energy because the volume of a positive ion is less than that of the neutral atom and the electrostatic force is greater in the positive ion than in the atom.

Then, in this case, the second ionization energy is expressed as:

Gd⁺(g)→  Gd⁺²(g) + 1 e⁻

Finally, the third ionization energy represents the energy necessary to start an electron from a positive ion and its value is always greater than that of the second ionization energy. This is because the volume of the ion is smaller, and because of this, the electrostatic force is higher.

So, in this case, the third ionization energy is expressed as:

Gd⁺²(g)→  Gd⁺³(g) + 1 e⁻

In summary, the first, second, and third ionization energy are, respectively:

1. Gd(g)→  Gd⁺(g) + 1 e⁻
2. Gd⁺(g)→  Gd⁺²(g) + 1 e⁻
3. Gd⁺²(g)→  Gd⁺³(g) + 1 e⁻

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