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John is the chief operating officer (CEO) at an advertising company. He conducts bi-weekly meetings with his middle managers through which he motivates them and guides them to achieve their targets. Additionally, John also meets new employees once every few months for general discussions and to brief them about the company's policies and goals. In this case, John exhibits characteristics of the _____ function of management to ensure organizational success.
a. controlling
b. organizing
c. planning
d. leading