Answer:
1. sp = XY₂
2. sp² = XY₂Z, XY₃
3. sp3³ = XY₄, XY₂Z₂, XY₃Z
4. sp³d = XY₅, XY₂Z₃, XY₃Z₂, XY₄Z
5. sp³d² = XY₆, XY₄Z₂, XY₅Z
Explanation:
this is quite dicey, so it should be looked into carefully.
we would classify each of the abbreviation according to their hybridization and it electron domain.
⇒ sp hybridization = XY₂
in this, we can see that the central atom X is bonded to two outer atoms Y.
this makes the no of hybrid orbitals and the no of sigma bonds both 2.
electron domain = 2.
⇒ sp² hybridization = XY₂Z, XY₃
Here we can see the central atom X bonded with three outer atoms Y in XY₂Z and in XY₃. For XY₂Z molecule, the no of sigma bonds is 2 and the no of hybrid orbitals is 3. While for XY₃ molecule, the no of sigma bonds is 3 while the no of hybrid orbital is 3.
electron domain = 3.
⇒ sp³ hybridization = XY₄, XY₂Z₂, XY₃Z
for XY₄ molecule, the central atom X is bonded with four outer atoms Y. It has 4 numbers of both the sigma and orbital atoms.
In XY₂Z₂, the central atom X is bonded to 2 outer atoms Y, and has 2 lone pairs Z. From this, the no of hybrid orbitals is 4 and the no of sigma bonds is 2, with 2 lone pairs causing the sp³ hybridization.
⇒ sp³d hybridization = XY₅, XY₂Z₃, XY₃Z₂, XY₄Z
for all the molecules listed above, the sum of both the lone pairs and the outer atoms both give a total of 5, hence have the sp³d structure, viz;
XY₂Z₃:
total electron domain = 2+3 = 5
XY₃Z₂:
total electron domain = 2+3 = 5
XY₄Z:
total electron domain = 1+4 = 5
⇒ sp³d² hybridization = XY₆, XY₄Z₂, XY₅Z
Same thing goes for the above molecule, where the sum of both the outer atoms and the lone pairs gives a total of 6 as can be seen in the example below.
XY4Z2:
total electron domain = 2+4 = 6
cheers, i hope this helps.
The hybridization state of the central atom in a molecule is influenced by the number of electron pairs that surround it.
The concept of hybridization is an approximation that explains the bonding in certain chemical species by the mixing of atomic orbitals of different energies to form orbitals of appropriate energy which can be used in chemical combination.
The hybridization state of the central atom in a molecule depends on the number of electron pairs that surrounds the central atom.
Recall that these electron pairs include both bond pairs(Y) and lone pairs(Z) around the central atom in the molecule.
Therefore, for the various abbreviations shown, the following hybridization states apply;
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