Question

one piece of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory comes from examination of membranes surrounding the chloroplasts of microbial eukaryotes that have a history of secondary and/or tertiary endosymbiosis. How might we expect the membranes in these cases to be different?

Answer 1

Answer:

Endosymbiotic theory states that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast evolved in eukaryotic cell through the process of symbiosis of individual single cell prokaryotes. In case of secondary endosymbiosis a living cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis. In case of primary endosymbiosis now there is a double phospholipid bilayer. The outermost membrane is derived from the eukaryote and the innermost membrane is it's original phospholipid bilayer. Similarly secondary and tertiary endosymbionts have three membrane and four membranes. E.g. In some dinoflagellates secondary plastids are surrounded by three membranes.

Answer 2

We expect the membranes in the cases of microbial eukaryotes that have a history of secondary and/or tertiary endosymbiosis to be different because they may possess additional membranes.

Endosymbiosis is when one organism lives in harmony with-in another organism. This kind of relationship takes place when one cell allows another to live within its organism without attacking or digesting it. In most cases, this relationship proves beneficial for both organisms. Often, this form of relationship arises when one cell swallows another, but as stated, does not digest it. There are different levels of endosymbiosis:

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary

Primary endosymbiosis occurs when a more advanced eukaryotic cell swallows a bacteria that does not get digested. These two organisms then form a mutual relationship where the eukaryotic organism offers protection and nutrients in exchange for energy produced by the bacteria. When this happens, the eukaryotic cell now has two plasmatic membranes.

When the cell described in primary endosymbiosis now gets swallowed by another, larger eukaryotic organism, and also does not get digested, then a Secondary Endosymbiotic relationship is formed and the organism now has three plasma membranes.

Finally, when even that secondary endosymbiotic organism is again swallowed, we see the formation of a tertiary endosymbiotic organism. These oftentimes have four plasma membranes in total.

We can expect the membranes in these cases to be different because tertiary endosymbiosis often results in four membranes, whereas secondary endosymbiosis can only reach a total of 3 plasma membranes.

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