Hemoglobin a protein found in red blood cells, carries oxygen. Abnormal hemoglobin cannot carry as much oxygen as normal hemoglobin. The sequences below show sections of the DNA sequence that produce both the normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin. Normal DNA sequence: GGA CTC CTC Abnormal DNA sequence: GGA CAC CTC Codon Amino Acid GUG Valine CAC Histidine CUC Leucine ACG Threonine CCU Proline GAG Glutamic Acid Write the messenger RNA sequences that would be produced from the normal and abnormal DNA sequences shown above. Using the codon table, write the amino acid sequences produced from the DNA for normal and abnormal hemoglobin Beginning with DNA, describe the process that forms proteins such as hemoglobin.

the transcription of a DNA sequence produces Messenger RNAs. It forms by a DNA template through complementary base pairing. That means, that A (adenine) always pairs with T (thymine), and C (cytosine) always pairs with G (guanine). However, RNA does not use T, instead, they use U (uracil) in its place.

Normal DNA sequence: GGA CTC CTC

Normal RNA sequence: CCU GAG GAG

Abnormal DNA sequence: GGA CAC CTC

Abnormal RNA sequence: CCU GUG GAG

2. The mRNA sequence is then used to assemble a sequence of amino acids through the process of translation. Matching up codons to the corresponding amino acid

Normal RNA sequence: CCU GAG GAG

Normal amino acid sequence: Proline - Glutamic acid - Glutamic acid

Abnormal RNA sequence: CCU GUG GAG

Abnormal amino acid sequence: Proline - Valine - Glutamic acid

3. DNA is copied into an RNA message (mRNA or messenger RNA) through the process of transcription. Transcription occurs in the nucleus. At specialized organelles called the ribosomes found in the cytoplasm, the mRNA is then translated into an amino acid sequence.

The tRNAs are bound to a particular amino acid, so when an mRNA codon is bound by a tRNA possessing the complementary anticodon, the amino acid is added to a chain called a polypeptide chain has been made, it moves for progressive folding and potential incorporation of functional groups (such as iron in hemoglobin).

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