Answer:
The correct options are: a. Hydrogen, c. Oxygen and d. Nitrogen
Explanation:
The violations of the octet rule are:
- Species with odd numbers of electrons. Examples: NO and NO₂
- Incomplete octets: the most common are compounds of beryllium and boron. Examples: BeH₂, BF₃.
- Expanded valence shell molecules. The most common are compounds of sulfur with fluoride and chloride. Examples: SF₆ and PF₅
Oxygen and Nitrogen can be observed violating the octet rule (odd numbers of electrons) in NO and NO₂. Find enclosed the Lewis dot diagram of NO. Oxygen has an octet of electrons but nitrogen has only seven electrons in its valence shell.
Hydrogen can be observed violating the octete rule (incomplete octets) in BeH₂. Both hydrogen and beryllium contribute with 2 electrons. But neither of them has an octet in its valence shell.
