Jane and Sarah were watching the evening news when viewers were asked to call in about the city's proposal to raise taxes. Later in the broadcast, the results were posted. Both Jane and Sarah were skeptical of the 68 percent of the viewers who supported the tax increase. They began examining the assumptions behind the proposal, tried to uncover hidden values of the voters, evaluated the evidence on both sides of the controversy, and assessed all conclusions. Jane and Sarah were engaging in _____ thinking.