The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in implementing governmental policies and programs. Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees who are organized under a merit system.
(a) Describe one key characteristic of the merit system.
(b) For each of the following, describe how each factor contributes to bureaucratic independence.
-The structure of the federal bureaucracy
-The complexity of public policy problems
(c) For each of the following, explain one Constitutional provision or power given to each of these institutions or groups, that can check the bureaucracy.
Congress
The courts
Interest groups

A - The key characteristic of the Merit system is that it allows appointment based on who is most qualified to, rather than on family name, for example. It becomes an issue of what, not who, you know.

B - The condition of the federal bureaucracy is such that it is divided into a variety of subgroups, each with a unique purpose. Because each subgroup is an expert on those things that it deals with, they can each retain a large measure of Independence. Because two, each section is so focused, there is little room for politics, that's keeping them politically independent.

C - Congress

- Appropriations - can reward or punish agency

-Legislation - can pass legislation affecting the bureaucracy

-Rejection of presidential appointments to the bureaucracy

Impeachment of executive officials

Courts

-Court rulings that limit bureaucratic practices

-Judicial review- can declare burecratic actions unconstitutional

-Injunctions against federal agencies

Interest Groups

-Use of the first amendment:

--lobbying

--protests

--media usage

--speech

Explanation: