How did early chemists determine which substances were elements?
(A) They knew how many protons were in the atoms.
(B) They knew how many electrons were in the outer shell of every atom.
(C) They knew what substances were mixtures.
(D) They knew which substances could not be broken down by chemical means.

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The correct answer would be option D

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They knew which substances could not be broken down by chemical means.

By definition, an element is the smallest part of a substance which has independent existence and can not be broken down by chemical means.

We must remember that the early chemists didn't have the luxury of the sophisticated equipment we have today many of which can literally "see through" a substance.

The had to depend on rather crude methods and instruments. Amidst all that, they still knew which substances could not be broken down by chemical means and those that could not. Those that could not be broken down by chemical means were labelled as elements and characterized.

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