Explanation:
- Photosynthesis
- CO2 + H2O reactants, Glucose produced by autotrophs, Light energy converted to usable chemical energy
- All- Chemical reaction
- Aerobic respiration- Maximum ATP production, Oxygen is a reactant, Uses oxygen to produce ATP
- Photosynthesis & Aerobic respiration- Does not require oxygen, Energy involved
- Anaerobic respiration- Fermentation
- Aerobic respiration & Anaerobic respiration- Converts glucose to ATP
Photosynthesis produces glucose and O2 from inorganic CO2, light energy and water.
6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
These end products, namely O2 and glucose are then used in respiration...
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
The CO2 and H2O produced as waste in respiration can then be incorporated at the beginning of photosynthesis. Thus the reactions are cyclic- they feed into each other.
Further Explanation:
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
Occuring in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II.
Additionally,
- water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent; it reduces the molecule NADP to NADPH by providing H+ ions and produces molecules of the energy storage molecule ATP through an electron transport chain.
- This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.
- Later, in dark reactions, NADP and NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules. These store energy in their bonds, which can be released in respiration in the mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration
In respiration, energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP; ATP is formed from the phosphorylation of ADP with an inorganic phosphate, Pi, which forms an unstable, high energy phosphate bond.
ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi) + energy → ATP
Further Explanation:
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water in a process called chemiosmosis.
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration utilizes pyruvate from glycolysis in order to restore the NAD+ supply
. Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:
- a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors
- incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system
- missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycle
Thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.
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