Explanation:
d. NADH.
This is an anaerobic process that restores the supply of NAD+
Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:
- a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors
- incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system
- missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycle
Thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.
After glycolysis, cells can undergo lactic acid fermentation, lactic acid functions as the final electron acceptor. The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase mediates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate through the addition of a H+ from NADH, which is oxidized to NAD+.
Further Explanation:
In all eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced.
In Glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm,2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2) Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD+ + 4ADP + 2Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+
However, during aerobic respiration, the breakdown of glucose undergoes several steps in order to produce ATP, namely in glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
Here, through oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen is the final electron aceptor of the electron transport chain; it also joins with two H+ to form H2O.
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