Answer: Option c
Explanation: In simple words, standard cost refers to the estimated amount of resources that an organisation thinks would be incurred to produce a specified amount of goods or service for the product.
These estimates are based on past experiences and future expectations, therefore, these are not certain and have a high chance that a difference will occur in actual performance. These estimates works as a guideline for performance, thus, it is prepared by the top managers of the departments of the entity.