Explanation:
Digestion describes the intake, chemical and physical breakdown, absorption of nutrients and excretion of food.
- In mechanical digestion, the teeth grind food and break it in to smaller parts; lingual enzymes begin to work on food particles.
- The food is then carried to the stomach via the esophagus.
- Churning and gastric enzymes like amylase pepsin break down proteins and carbohydrates in the stomach.
- The pancreas releases the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, while bile is released by the gall bladder.
- Trypsin and chymotrypsin act on the proteins to break them down in the duodenum while lipases act on lipids.
- Amino acids are absorbed by the capillaries in the jejunum.
- Amino acids enter the bloodstream and are circulated throughout the body.
- Most water is absorbed in the colon, where food waste is stored til excretion occurs.
Further Explanation:
Food is chemically and mechanically broken down into into smaller particles. This begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically crushed by the teeth, and mixed with saliva to allow water based enzymes like lingual lipase and amylase to work;- it's then transported to the stomach via the esophagus.
- Alpha amylase, an enzyme produced in the pancreas, is also found in human saliva; it catalyzes the hydrolysis, or breakdown of starch into glucose in the stomach as gastric amylase. Amylase acts on polysaccharides bonds at random points along the chain by splitting the α 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
- Next in the stomach the enzyme gastric lipase acts on lipids, breaking them up into their components. In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin breaks proteins, like those found in salmon, into smaller peptides by splitting the peptide bonds holding the proteins together. In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin breaks proteins, into smaller peptides by splitting the peptide bonds holding the proteins together.
- Phospholipids, bile acids, bilirubin, and cholesterol are combined into bile in the liver, which when secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine; this comes from its storage site, the gall bladder, and functions as an emulsifier or as a detergent. These hold the fats and water together and increase the surface area of lipids, which can be further digested by enzymes so the nutrients are further broken down for absorption into the bloodstream. In the case of digested proteins, the duodenum processes these newly-formed peptide chains or polypeptides, into smaller ones, through the enzyme action of elastase, trypsin and chymotrypsin; these are produced in the pancreas. Peptidases convert these fragments into amino acids for absorption into the bloodstream via the small intestines.
- After digestion, the process of absorption occurs within villi of the small intestine; this occurs within the jejenum. Villi are small finger-like projections from epithelial cells of the small intestine; due to the projections, they have increased surface areas for absorption. Absorption involves several processes such as:
- endocytosis
- passive diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-secondary active transport (co transport)
- The nutrients are then taken up into the bloodstream via capillaries, and circulated through the body while water and salts are absorbed in the large intestine or colon. Food waste, remaining after this process is typically indigestible(this is further aided by intestinal bacteria), and comprised of dietary fiber; later, waste is eliminated via the rectum as fecal matter.
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