glacier movement and volcanoes
Volcanoes bring in new rock substrate when the erupted magma cools into rock. Glaciers scour and carve out rock to expose new substrate on which primary succession can begin.
Explanation:
In secondary succession, an already existing ecosystem is destroyed and a new one comes up. The soil still exists in the secondary succession and therefore nutrient are already available for higher plant growth. However in primary succession, new substrate is created, usually bare rocks, which are required to be broken down to soil to release nutrients and support higher plant growth. Initially the rocks are broken down by mechanical weathering and also weathering by lower plants like mosses, lichen, and algae. Their minute roots can penetrate the small rock crevices and break down rocks. After rocks are broken to soil, the higher plants can then grow in the region.
Learn More:
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