According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, who among the following children is in the preconventional stage? a. Caleb believes that school rules are instituted for the students' wellbeing. b. Fred believes that good sons will obey their parents. c. Dean believes that right and wrong are subjective and change with situation. d. Britney believes that she should always speak the truth so that she does not get punished.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development centers around the idea that individuals pass through 3 levels of moral thinking, which develop one's cognitive aspect.

The preconventional stage is the first level; centering on the idea that a child's morality is influenced by external motives. In this case, a child has not yet acquired the sense of right and wrong, focusing mainly on how he/she sees punishment towards others for doing something "bad".

Britney thinks speaking the truth is important but not because she thinks it is the right thing to do, but because if she tells the truth no punishment will follow.

We can see that the other kids are internally driven; Caleb believes school rules are there to help the children, Fred thinks good sons obey and Dean thinks subjectively about right and wrong. The only one who is externally driven is Britney.