The correct answer is d) Pope Urban II issued a call known as the Crusades throughout Europe for Christian warriors to defend the Holy Land.
The rest of the options are events that did not occur during the Middle Ages, which began in 476 with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and end in 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire according to some authors or in 1492 with the discovery of America according to other authors. This reason leaves out of discussion about the relative importance of each of them, given that:
Constantin lived between the years 272 and 337, years before the beginning of the Middle Ages.
Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel between 1508 and 1512, and is one of the main references in the artistic order of the period called Renaissance, being also outside the Middle Ages.
The Counter-Reformation originated in the Council of Trent, which began in the year 1545, also during the Renaissance.
The Crusades began with Pope Urbano II and continued for two centuries in Europe (between 1096 and 1291) and they had a high impact in Medieval Europe:
- in the Religious because it consolidated the power and unity of the Catholic Church;
- economically because new crops, new products and manufacturing methods were introduced, a lot of port movement was generated, an incipient financial system was generated, there was a lot of economic movement to supply the needs of the war and due to the increase in commercial exchange;
- culturally because elements of Byzantine and Arabic art and science were incorporated, which meant great advances at the time;
- in the social, there was a gradual dismemberment of the feudal system, gaining ground the kings, the church and the new bourgeoisie. A lot of ethnic groups were hardly persecuted by the Cruzaders and it change the ethnic composition of several regions. France and The Sacrum Roman Empire of the West acquired great influence and power in Europe and other regions like the Middle East.
