7 months
After Carter makes his $500 payment, the balance on the loan is -1596.37. We want to find the number of months (m) such that ...
... -1596.37 +250m ≥ 0
... m ≥ 1596.37/250 . . . . add 1596.37, divide by the coefficient of m
... m ≥ 6.4
The least number of months that is more than 6.4 is 7 months.
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Comment on this answer
Carter's loan balance may also be affected by interest charged on the loan amount. We don't expect those charges to be so high as to require an additional month's payment.