Can someone please tell me/ help me solve these kinds of problems? I don’t understand them

This is called, I believe, power of points. To solve this, you multiply the two values on the same line together and that equals the product of the two values on the other line. So, for this problem:
24 * x = 12 * 17
Solve for x, and you get:
x = 17/2 = 8.5