Despite the research on social facilitation, one can imagine cases when the expected effects of an audience are not evident. In which of the following situations might the presence of others mask the typical social facilitation effects?
a. when employees have powerful norms against working too hard, and "rate busters" are chastised
b. when adolescent boys want to convey a lack of interest in a childlike task when others are present
c. when African American students put out less effort in the presence of other African American students to avoid "acting white"
d. All of these answers are correct.
