The process of going from solid metal (s) to dissolved ion (aq) can be thought of as a combination of three processes: vaporization of the metal (endothermic), ionization of the metal vapor (endothermic) and hydration of the resulting ion (exothermic). By contrast, the process of going from dissolved ion to metal can be thought of as the opposite of the above processes: separation from the solvent (endothermic), addition of electrons to the positive ion (exothermic), and condensation of the resulting neutral atom (exothermic).
The enthalpy of vaporization for () is H⁰vap =250/mo and the enthalpy of vaporization for () is H⁰vap =324/mo. The first ionization energy of () is ₁=731/mo. The first three ionization energies of () are ₁ = 890/mo, ₂ = 1980/mo, and ₃ = 3280/mo. The enthalpy of hydration of +() is H⁰ℎy =-473/mo and the enthalpy of hydration of ³⁺() is about H⁰ℎy = -4100/mol (estimated to the hundredths place). Use these values to answer the questions below. Calculate the H⁰x for ()→⁺() (ext).
