Which of the following statements is true about vertical specialization?
a) Examples of vertical specialization include jobs in areas such as customer service, sales, recruiting, training, purchasing, and marketing research.
b) It is characterized by distinct differences between levels in the hierarchy such that those higher up are accorded much more status than those farther down.
c) When there is a great deal of vertical specialization, personnel will develop functional expertise in one particular area.
d) It assigns jobs so that individuals are given a particular function to perform, and people tend to stay within the confines of this area.
