What is the direct pathway model of pain? What evidence suggests it is not a complete description of how pain works?
a) It proposes that pain signals are transmitted directly from nociceptors to the brain without modulation. Evidence such as placebo effects and the variability of pain perception suggests that pain processing involves complex modulation.
b) It suggests that pain is primarily a psychological phenomenon, and sensory input is irrelevant to pain perception. Evidence from neuroimaging studies and studies on chronic pain suggests that sensory input plays a crucial role in pain perception.
c) It argues that pain perception is determined solely by the intensity of the stimulus and the individual's pain threshold. Evidence from studies on phantom limb pain and pain modulation pathways suggests that pain perception is influenced by various factors beyond the stimulus intensity.
d) It proposes that pain perception is primarily determined by cognitive factors such as attention and expectation. Evidence from studies on neuroplasticity and pain modulation pathways suggests that sensory input plays a crucial role in pain perception.
