In a situation where it is inappropriate to explain the reason for the research to the participants before data collection, the researcher should:
(a) Proceed with the study without informing the participants
(b) Seek ethical approval from the relevant institutional review board (IRB)
(c) Provide detailed information to participants after the study is complete
(d) Withhold any information about the study purpose indefinitely
(e) Exclude participants who inquire about the study's purpose
