How did the Umayyad caliphate impact Spain culturally, and what was the political impact of the Umayyad conquest of Spain?
a) Culturally, the Umayyad caliphate brought significant Islamic influence to Spain, contributing to its architecture, language, and cuisine. Politically, the conquest established Islamic rule in the region, leading to the formation of a Muslim-ruled territory known as Al-Andalus.
b) Culturally, the Umayyad caliphate had little impact on Spain, as the indigenous culture remained dominant. Politically, the conquest led to brief Umayyad control before the establishment of local kingdoms.
c) The Umayyad caliphate introduced new cultural practices to Spain, but its political impact was minimal, as it failed to establish lasting control over the region.
d) The Umayyad conquest of Spain resulted in significant cultural and political upheaval, leading to the assimilation of Islamic and Spanish
