A 69-year-old male is evaluated after a recent hospitalization for heart failure. Ejection fraction (EF) is 30%, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is noted. No jugular venous distention (JVD) is present. What is the most likely etiology of heart failure in this patient?
a) Ischemic cardiomyopathy
b) Hypertensive heart disease
c) Dilated cardiomyopathy
d) Valvular heart disease
