Which of the following statements concerning Earth's climate and ocean systems is FALSE?
a. If the Earth did not have any oceans, then its average temperature would be lower but its range in temperatures would be more extreme.
b. Shallow water currents and their overlying moist air masses are the primary ways in which heat is transferred through the climate system.
c. Ocean overturn is entirely driven by salinity, with water sinking in polar areas because of high salinity and upwelling wherever it loses its salinity.
d. The tropics are warmer than the poles because in tropical areas the Earth's surface is more perpendicular to incoming sunlight.
e. The overturn of ocean water brings oxygen down to organisms living in lower layers and brings nutrients back up to shallow water layers.
