Refer to the passage.
The practice of many States in restricting [trade] with other States, and putting their productions and manufactures on the same footing with those of foreign nations, though not contrary to the federal articles, is certainly adverse to the spirit of the Union, and tends to beget retaliating regulations, not less expensive & vexatious in themselves, than they are destructive of the general harmony.
–James Madison,
Vices of the Political System of the United States
(April 1787)
Which of the following remedies the issue Madison describes?
the decision in United States v. Lopez
the reinstatement of the Affordable Care Act
the overturning of the decision in Gibbons v. Ogden
the commerce clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution
