enables a manager to make decisions, give orders, and utilize resources. For example, the manager of a local coffee shop has the right to hire and fire new employees based on their punctuality, performance, and customer service ratings. A Instrumentality B An informal culture Expectancy D Valence E Authority Question 8 1 Point is the gradual movement of an organization away from its present state toward some preferred future state to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. A Benchmarking B Management by objectives © Evolutionary change Bureaucratic control E Departmental change
