it is common knowledge that a fair penny will land heads up 50% of the time and tails up 50% of the time. it is very unlikely for a penny to land on its edge when flipped, so a probability of 0 is assigned to this outcome. a curious student suspects that 5 pennies glued together will land on their edge 50% of the time. to investigate this claim, the student securely glues together 5 pennies and flips the penny stack 100 times. of the 100 flips, the penny stack lands on its edge 46 times. the student would like to know if the data provide convincing evidence that the true proportion of flips for which the penny stack will land on its edge differs from 0.5. the conditions for inference are met. what is the value of the test statistic and p-value for this test?
