John presented to the ER with rectal bleeding. Earlier in the day. John had a colonoscopy that revealed a polyp. John's physician used hot forceps to remove the polyp. After exam in the ER, John is taken back to the GI suite where it is revealed that during the polyp removal procedure, John's physician inadvertently perforated his colon. The perforated colon represents which of the following? damages breach duty causation
