ten members of a club are lining up in a row for a photograph. the club has one president and one vp. (a) how many ways are there for the club members to line up in which the president is not next to the vp? (b) how many ways are there for the club members to line up if the vp is not in the leftmost position? (c) how many ways are there for the club members to line up if the vp is not at one end (i.e. in the leftmost or rightmost positions)?